Causes of OCD may include

• Genetics: OCD tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. People with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling) who has OCD are more likely to develop it.
• Environmental Factors: Traumatic or stressful life events, such as abuse, illness, or major life changes, can trigger or worsen OCD symptoms. Infections or illnesses that affect the brain, like PANDAS (Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus), have been linked to sudden onset OCD in children, though this is less common.

Symptoms of OCD may include

• Obsessive thoughts that are intrusive, unwanted, and cause anxiety or distress (e.g., thoughts about harming others, fears of contamination, doubts about completing tasks correctly).
• Compulsive behaviours or mental rituals aimed at reducing anxiety or preventing something bad from happening (e.g., excessive handwashing, checking, arranging objects).
• Time-consuming rituals: The obsessions and compulsions can take up a significant amount of time, often interfering with daily activities and responsibilities.
• Difficulty controlling thoughts or behaviours: People with OCD often feel unable to stop their compulsive actions even though they know they are excessive or irrational.

Intrusive thoughts are unwanted, disturbing thoughts or images about harming oneself or others, often leading to compulsive mental rituals to neutralise the thoughts. Sometimes intrusive thoughts may be scary, embarrassing or violent. It is important to recognise that we can’t always control intrusive thoughts.